James Abram Garfield

President James A. Garfield: A Visionary Leader Cut Short

James A. Garfield, the 20th U.S. President, served from March to September 1881 was a Civil War hero and congressman, whose presidency was cut short when he was assassinated by Charles J. Guiteau. Garfield advocated for civil service reform and sought to modernize the U.S. Navy.
Portrait of James Abram Garfield 20th President of the United States
Date of Birth : 19th  November 1831
Died : 19th  September 1881
Place of Birth : Moreland Hills, Ohio, U.S.
Father : Abram Garfield
Mother : Eliza Garfield
Spouse/Partner : Lucretia Rudolph
Children : Eliza A. "Trot", Harry Augustus, James Rudolph, Mary, Irvin McDowell, Abram, Edward
Alma Mater : Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts
Professions : Politician, Lawyer, Amateur Mathematician

Career History

Served As: 20th President of the United States
Time Period: March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881
Predecessor: Rutherford B. Hayes
Successor: Chester A. Arthur
Served As: Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio's 19th district
Time Period: March 4, 1863 – November 8, 1880
Predecessor: Albert G. Riddle
Successor: Ezra B. Taylor
Served As: Chair of the House Appropriations Committee
Time Period: March 4, 1871 – March 4, 1875
Predecessor: Henry L. Dawes
Successor: Samuel J. Randall
Served As: Member of the Ohio Senate from the 26th district
Time Period: January 2, 1860 – August 21, 1861
Predecessor: George P. Ashmun
Successor: Lucius V. Bierce

Overview

James Abram Garfield, the 20th President of the United States, was a man of exceptional intellect, integrity, and ambition. Born on November 19, 1831, in a humble log cabin in Orange Township, Ohio, Garfield's life journey is a testament to the American dream. Rising from poverty to the pinnacle of political power, Garfield's presidency was tragically cut short by an assassin's bullet, leaving an indelible mark on American history. In this article by Academic Block we will examine the life, works, and legacy of James Abram Garfield.

Early Years of James A Garfield

Garfield's childhood was marked by financial struggles, yet he displayed a keen intellect and a thirst for knowledge from a young age. Working on the family farm and canal boats to support his family, Garfield's determination to receive an education was unwavering. He enrolled at the Western Reserve Eclectic Institute (now Hiram College) and exhibited a remarkable aptitude for learning.

Garfield's academic pursuits were not limited to a single discipline. He demonstrated proficiency in languages, mathematics, and the classics. His voracious appetite for knowledge earned him a teaching position at the Eclectic Institute while he continued his studies. Garfield's commitment to education remained a consistent thread throughout his life, shaping his later political philosophy and policies.

Military Service and the Civil War

The outbreak of the Civil War in 1861 saw Garfield transition from the classroom to the battlefield. Commissioned as a lieutenant colonel, he quickly rose through the ranks, displaying strategic acumen and courage. Garfield's military career reached its zenith during the Battle of Chickamauga, where he played a crucial role in holding the Union line, earning him the rank of Major General.

While serving in the military, Garfield's political aspirations continued to evolve. His leadership on the battlefield did not go unnoticed, and in 1862, he was elected as a representative to the U.S. House of Representatives. Balancing his military duties with legislative responsibilities, Garfield skillfully navigated the challenges of dual service.

Political Career

Garfield's political career flourished in the post-war era. As a member of the House of Representatives, he advocated for civil rights and reconciliation between North and South. His commitment to the principles of the Republic and the ideals of the Constitution were unwavering. Garfield played a pivotal role in drafting the 14th Amendment, securing equal protection under the law for all citizens.

As a Republican, Garfield was part of the party's moderate wing, advocating for civil service reform and a conciliatory approach toward the defeated Confederacy. His oratory skills and moral clarity set him apart in the political arena, earning him respect from both sides of the aisle. In 1880, Garfield emerged as the Republican nominee for the presidency, facing off against Winfield Scott Hancock, the Democratic candidate.

Presidential Election of 1880

The presidential election of 1880 was a hotly contested battle between Garfield and Hancock. Garfield's commitment to civil service reform and economic policies that favored protective tariffs resonated with voters. His appeal to both Northern and Southern states showcased his dedication to national unity.

Garfield's "Front Porch Campaign" was a novel approach, as he welcomed voters to his home in Mentor, Ohio, delivering speeches that emphasized the importance of a united nation. In a closely contested election, Garfield emerged victorious, securing the presidency by a narrow margin.

Presidential Policies and Vision

Despite his short tenure in office, President Garfield left an indelible mark on American politics. His commitment to civil service reform was evident in his efforts to curtail the spoils system, which had long plagued the federal government. Garfield's vision for a more efficient and merit-based civil service system laid the groundwork for future reforms.

Economically, Garfield grappled with the question of tariff policy. While he advocated for protective tariffs to safeguard American industries, he also recognized the need for moderation to prevent economic imbalances. His presidency marked a period of transition in economic policy, setting the stage for later debates on tariff issues.

Foreign affairs were not absent from Garfield's agenda. He sought to expand American influence abroad, emphasizing diplomacy and trade. Garfield's presidency witnessed a push for reciprocal trade agreements and efforts to establish a more prominent global presence for the United States.

His Works

  1. Civil Service Reform: One of the central pillars of Garfield's agenda was civil service reform. He sought to replace the prevailing spoils system, where government positions were distributed based on political patronage, with a merit-based system. Although the actual implementation of reform was left to his successor, President Chester A. Arthur, Garfield's advocacy laid the groundwork for the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883. This landmark legislation established a civil service commission and marked a significant shift toward a more professional and accountable government workforce.

  2. Tariff Policies: Garfield grappled with economic challenges, particularly concerning the issue of protective tariffs. While he recognized the need to protect American industries through tariffs, he also emphasized the importance of moderation to avoid economic imbalances. Although tariff policy during Garfield's presidency did not witness major legislative changes, the debates and discussions set the stage for later developments in economic policy, influencing subsequent administrations.

  3. Diplomacy and Trade: Garfield aimed to expand American influence on the global stage through diplomacy and trade. While his presidency did not see major foreign policy shifts, his emphasis on reciprocal trade agreements and peaceful international relations laid the foundation for future administrations. The focus on diplomacy and trade reflected Garfield's vision of a United States engaged in positive and constructive relationships with the broader world.

  4. Infrastructure and Internal Improvements: During Garfield's presidency, there were discussions about the need for internal improvements and infrastructure development. While specific projects may not have materialized during his short tenure, the broader conversations around the importance of investing in the nation's infrastructure highlighted the recognition that a well-developed and efficient infrastructure was crucial for economic growth and connectivity.

  5. Educational Advocacy: Garfield's lifelong commitment to education continued during his presidency. As an advocate for knowledge and learning, he sought to promote educational opportunities for all Americans. While not a specific development project, Garfield's dedication to education influenced his policies and initiatives, aligning with his belief that an educated citizenry was essential for the success and progress of the nation.

  6. Efforts Towards Unity and Reconciliation: In the aftermath of the Civil War, Garfield worked toward national unity and reconciliation. Although not a tangible development project, his efforts to bridge the gap between North and South and promote healing within a divided nation were critical for the social and political development of the United States during the post-war era.

Assassination and Legacy

The promising presidency of James A. Garfield was tragically cut short by an assassin's bullet on July 2, 1881. Shot twice by Charles J. Guiteau, a disgruntled office-seeker, Garfield succumbed to his injuries on September 19, 1881. His death marked the second presidential assassination in American history, following Abraham Lincoln.

Garfield's legacy endures, not only in the policies he championed but in the values he embodied. His commitment to education, civil rights, and national unity remains an inspiration. The tragedy of his untimely death led to increased scrutiny of the spoils system and bolstered efforts to reform civil service practices.

The Garfield Monument, erected in Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland, Ohio, stands as a testament to his impact on the nation. The monument's inscription captures the essence of Garfield's legacy, describing him as a "Christian statesman, patriot, and scholar." Garfield's influence on American politics and governance continued beyond his presidency, shaping the trajectory of the nation.

Final Words

James A. Garfield's life and legacy exemplify the American spirit of resilience, intellect, and determination. From humble beginnings to the highest office in the land, Garfield's journey is a quintessential American success story. His presidency, though brief, left an enduring impact on the nation, sparking conversations on civil service reform, economic policies, and the role of the United States in the global arena.

As we reflect on the life of James A. Garfield, we are reminded of the fragility of leadership and the unforeseen challenges that leaders may face. His tragic assassination serves as a somber reminder of the sacrifices made by those who dedicate their lives to public service. In honoring Garfield's memory, we recognize the importance of fostering education, upholding civil rights, and pursuing unity in the face of adversity — values that continue to resonate in the fabric of the American story. Please provide your comments below, it will help us in improving this article. Thanks for reading!

This Article will answer your questions like:

+ When did James A. Garfield serve as President of the United States? >

James A. Garfield served as the 20th President of the United States from March 4, 1881, until his death on September 19, 1881.

+ How did James A. Garfield contribute to civil service reform? >

James A. Garfield advocated for civil service reform to combat political patronage. He supported the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act of 1883, which established a merit-based system for federal employment.

+ What major event ended James A. Garfield's presidency? >

James A. Garfield's presidency was tragically ended by his assassination on July 2, 1881, by Charles J. Guiteau, a disappointed office seeker.

+ What were James A. Garfield's accomplishments as a Civil War hero? >

James A. Garfield distinguished himself during the Civil War as a Union general, known for his bravery at the Battle of Middle Creek and the Battle of Chickamauga.

+ How did James A. Garfield influence U.S. naval policy during his presidency? >

James A. Garfield advocated for naval modernization and expansion, enhancing the U.S. Navy's capabilities in response to global maritime developments.

+ What reforms did James A. Garfield advocate for during his time in Congress? >

As a congressman, James A. Garfield promoted civil rights for African Americans and supported measures for economic growth and stability.

+ What was James A. Garfield's background before becoming President? >

James A. Garfield was a scholar, educator, lawyer, and Union Army general before entering politics and eventually becoming President.

+ Why was James A. Garfield assassinated? >

James A. Garfield was assassinated due to the grievances of Charles J. Guiteau, who believed he was owed a government position as a reward for his political support.

+ What was the reason for the tragic death of James A. Garfield? >

James A. Garfield's tragic death was caused by complications from the gunshot wounds inflicted by his assassin, Charles J. Guiteau.

+ How did James A. Garfield's assassination impact U.S. history? >

James A. Garfield's assassination highlighted the dangers of political patronage and spurred further reforms in civil service and presidential security.

+ What were James A. Garfield's notable speeches or writings? >

James A. Garfield's speeches emphasized education, equality, and the importance of civic duty, reflecting his commitment to American ideals.

+ What is the famous quote of James A. Garfield? >

"If the power to do hard work is not a skill, it's the best possible substitute for it."

Famous quotes by James A. Garfield

“Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.”

“Ideas are the great warriors of the world, and a war that has no idea behind it is simply a brutality.”

“The truth will set you free, but first, it will make you miserable.”

“I love agitation and investigation and glory in defending unpopular truth against popular error.”

“The chief duty of government is to keep the peace and stand out of the sunshine of the people.”

“If wrinkles must be written upon our brows, let them not be written upon the heart. The spirit should not grow old.”

“The people are responsible for the character of their Congress. If that body be ignorant, reckless, and corrupt, it is because the people tolerate ignorance, recklessness, and corruption.”

“The President is the last person in the world to know what the people really want and think.”

“Man cannot live by bread alone. Man after all is composed of intellect and soul.”

“A brave man is a man who dares to look the Devil in the face and tell him he is a Devil.”

“Poverty is uncomfortable; but nine times out of ten the best thing that can happen to a young man is to be tossed overboard and compelled to sink or swim.”

“Law is the essential foundation of stability and order both within societies and in international relations.”

“If you are not too large for the place you occupy, you are too small for it.”

Controversies related to James A. Garfield

Election Controversy: The presidential election of 1880 was not without its share of controversies. The Republican Party was divided between the Stalwarts, led by Roscoe Conkling, and the Half-Breeds, led by James G. Blaine. Garfield, a compromise candidate, emerged as the nominee after a contentious and closely contested battle at the Republican National Convention. The divisions within the party had repercussions during Garfield’s presidency as factions jockeyed for influence.

Patronage and Civil Service Reform: Garfield’s push for civil service reform stirred controversy within his own party. The spoils system, where political supporters were rewarded with government positions, was deeply entrenched, and many Republicans resisted Garfield’s efforts to replace it with a merit-based system. The issue came to a head after Garfield’s assassination when his successor, Chester A. Arthur, signed the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act into law in 1883, leading to the establishment of the United States Civil Service Commission.

Tariff Policy Debates: Economic issues, particularly those related to protective tariffs, were subjects of contention during Garfield’s presidency. While Garfield advocated for protective tariffs to shield American industries, he also emphasized moderation to prevent economic imbalances. The tariff debates continued in the years following Garfield’s death, with conflicting interests among different regions and industries.

Foreign Policy and Imperialism: While Garfield’s emphasis on diplomacy and trade laid the groundwork for future global engagement, there were differing opinions on the extent to which the United States should assert itself internationally. Some critics argued for a more assertive approach, while others favored a more cautious stance. These debates over the direction of American foreign policy would persist and intensify in the years that followed.

Assassination and Trial: The most tragic controversy of Garfield’s presidency was, of course, his assassination. Charles J. Guiteau, a disgruntled office-seeker, shot Garfield at a train station in Washington, D.C., on July 2, 1881. The subsequent trial raised questions about Guiteau’s mental state and the adequacy of security measures. Guiteau was ultimately convicted and executed, but the controversy surrounding the assassination lingered.

Medical Controversy: The medical treatment Garfield received after being shot became a source of controversy. Multiple physicians attended to him, and there was a lack of consensus on the best course of action. Alexander Graham Bell even attempted to use a metal detector to locate the bullet. The medical interventions may have contributed to Garfield’s deteriorating health, and his death led to increased scrutiny of medical practices during that era.

Academic References on James A. Garfield

Books:

  1. “Garfield: A Biography” by Allan Peskin
  2. “Dark Horse: The Surprise Election and Political Murder of President James A. Garfield” by Kenneth D. Ackerman
  3. “Destiny of the Republic: A Tale of Madness, Medicine and the Murder of a President” by Candice Millard
  4. “The Garfield Orbit” by Margaret Leech
  5. “James A. Garfield: The American Presidents Series” by Ira Rutkow
  6. “Assassin!: The Brutal Murder of President James A. Garfield” by Jean Fritz

Articles:

  1. “The Life and Work of James A. Garfield” by William O. Brown
  2. “James A. Garfield and the Politics of Free Soil, Free Labor, and Free Men” by Robert J. McNamara
  3. “A Contested Election: The Presidential Election of 1880” by Charles W. Calhoun
  4. “James A. Garfield: His Religious Background and Views” by James L. Edwards
  5. “The Garfield Assassination and the Trial of Charles Guiteau” by Margaret Leech

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