Indian Film Journalism: Early film criticism & its origin

Overview
The history of Indian cinema is rich and diverse, marked by the emergence of a unique cultural form that has captivated audiences both domestically and internationally. As the Indian film industry grew, so did the need for critical discourse and analysis to accompany it. This led to the development of film criticism and journalism in India, which played a crucial role in shaping perceptions, fostering debate, and guiding the evolution of cinema in the country. In this article by Academic Block, we dive into the early years of Indian film criticism, tracing its origins, examining its key figures, and exploring its impact on the burgeoning film industry.
Origins of Film Criticism in India
The roots of film criticism in India can be traced back to the early 20th century when cinema was still in its nascent stage. As silent films made their way to Indian shores, they sparked curiosity and fascination among the masses. However, alongside this burgeoning interest in cinema, there arose a need for informed commentary and analysis. The first seeds of film criticism were sown in the pages of newspapers and magazines, where writers and intellectuals began to pen their thoughts on this new medium.
One of the earliest instances of film criticism in India can be found in the writings of the legendary Bengali filmmaker, Satyajit Ray. Before he made his mark as a filmmaker, Ray was a prolific critic who contributed articles to publications such as the "Calcutta Film Society Bulletin" and the "Sunday Statesman." His insightful critiques not only offered valuable perspectives on Indian and international cinema but also laid the groundwork for a more systematic approach to film analysis in the country.
Development of Film Journalism
As Indian cinema evolved and the demand for information about films increased, the need for dedicated film journalism became apparent. In the 1930s and 1940s, film magazines began to emerge, providing a platform for in-depth coverage of the industry. Publications such as "Filmindia," founded by Baburao Patel in 1935, played a pivotal role in shaping the discourse around Indian cinema. Patel, a controversial figure known for his acerbic wit and blunt opinions, wielded considerable influence through his magazine, which was widely read by filmmakers, industry insiders, and cinephiles alike.
Filmindia was not merely a vehicle for gossip and sensationalism; it also served as a platform for serious film criticism. Writers such as Durga Khote, B. D. Garga, and Feroze Rangoonwalla contributed insightful articles that analyzed the artistic merits of films and explored broader themes related to cinema. Through their writings, they helped elevate the status of film criticism in India and fostered a culture of thoughtful engagement with the medium.
Key Figures in Early Indian Film Criticism
Several pioneering figures played a significant role in shaping the landscape of Indian film criticism during its formative years. One such figure was Chidananda Das Gupta, a film scholar and critic known for his erudition and scholarly approach to cinema. Das Gupta's writings, which appeared in publications such as "The Statesman" and "Filmfare," reflected his deep understanding of film theory and aesthetics. He was instrumental in introducing Indian audiences to the works of international auteurs such as Ingmar Bergman, Federico Fellini, and Akira Kurosawa, thereby broadening their cinematic horizons.
Another influential figure in early Indian film criticism was the film historian and archivist, B. D. Garga. Garga's seminal book, "Art of Cinema," published in 1976, remains a landmark work in the field of Indian film studies. In addition to his scholarly endeavors, Garga also contributed regular columns to newspapers and magazines, where he offered incisive critiques of contemporary films and explored various aspects of Indian cinema's history and heritage.
Impact of Film Criticism on Indian Cinema
The influence of film criticism on Indian cinema cannot be overstated. Critics not only served as arbiters of taste but also played a crucial role in shaping public opinion and influencing filmmaking practices. Their reviews could make or break a film, and filmmakers often sought their approval in their quest for artistic recognition.
Moreover, film criticism provided a platform for dialogue and debate within the industry, fostering a culture of reflexivity and self-critique. Filmmakers would often engage with critics' interpretations of their work, leading to a deeper understanding of their craft and its implications for society at large.
Furthermore, film criticism helped bridge the gap between mainstream and art cinema, providing a space where both could be evaluated on their own terms. Critics such as Satyajit Ray and Ritwik Ghatak championed the cause of parallel cinema, which sought to break away from the conventions of commercial filmmaking and explore more profound themes and narratives.
Final Words
In conclusion, the development of film criticism and journalism in India has been a crucial aspect of the country's cinematic journey. From its humble beginnings in the early 20th century to its present-day prominence, film criticism has played a vital role in shaping perceptions, fostering debate, and guiding the evolution of Indian cinema. As the industry continues to grow and evolve, the role of critics and journalists remains as important as ever, providing valuable insights and perspectives that enrich our understanding of this vibrant and dynamic art form. Hope you liked this article by Academic Block, please provide your valuable comments to make this article better. Thanks for Reading!
This Article will answer your questions like:
Film journalism involves reporting, analyzing, and critiquing movies. It covers film reviews, industry news, interviews, and behind-the-scenes insights, playing a crucial role in shaping public perception and understanding of cinema. In India, it extends to Bollywood and regional cinema, reflecting the country's diverse film industry.
James Augustus Hicky is often referred to as the father of Indian journalism. He founded Hicky's Bengal Gazette in 1780, which was the first newspaper in India. His work laid the foundation for journalism in the country, providing a platform for free expression and public discourse.
Baburao Patel was a pioneering figure in Indian film journalism. As the editor of Filmindia, one of the earliest and most influential film magazines, he shaped public opinion and provided critical insights into the film industry from the 1930s onwards. His work significantly impacted Indian cinema's growth.
Early film criticism in India began with magazines like Filmindia in the 1930s. These publications provided reviews, interviews, and industry news, fostering a critical discourse around films. Critics analyzed cinematic techniques, narratives, and performances, laying the groundwork for a structured approach to film critique.
Key figures in early Indian film journalism include Baburao Patel, editor of Filmindia, and B.K. Adarsh, known for his contributions to film critique. Their work in film magazines helped shape the industry's narrative and provided critical analysis that influenced filmmakers and audiences alike.
Radio played a significant role in early film journalism in India by broadcasting film reviews, interviews, and music. Programs like Ameen Sayani's Binaca Geetmala popularized film music and provided news about the film industry, making cinema accessible to a broader audience and enhancing its popularity.
Baburao Patel was instrumental in the development of Indian film journalism through his magazine, Filmindia. He provided incisive reviews, industry news, and interviews, which helped professionalize film critique in India. His critical voice and editorial insights significantly influenced public and industry perspectives on cinema.
Notable early publications focusing on Indian film criticism include Filmindia, Screen, and Stardust. These magazines provided comprehensive coverage of the film industry, including reviews, interviews, and behind-the-scenes stories, thus playing a critical role in shaping the discourse around Indian cinema.
Films based on journalism include "Rann," "Peepli Live," "No One Killed Jessica," "Satyagraha," and "Page 3." These movies explore the intersections of media, politics, and society, highlighting the challenges and ethical dilemmas faced by journalists in their pursuit of truth and public accountability.
History of Indian film journalism
Early Beginnings (1910s-1920s): The seeds of Indian film journalism were sown in the early decades of the 20th century when silent films were first introduced to the Indian audience. As the popularity of cinema grew, so did the demand for news, reviews, and gossip about the emerging film industry. However, in the absence of dedicated film magazines or publications, coverage of cinema was often limited to general-interest newspapers and magazines.
Emergence of Film Magazines (1930s-1940s): The 1930s and 1940s saw the emergence of dedicated film magazines in India, marking the formal beginning of film journalism as a distinct field. Baburao Patel, a pioneering figure in Indian film journalism, founded “Filmindia” in 1935, which quickly became a leading voice in the industry. Other magazines such as “Cinema and Cinema” and “Picturegoer” also contributed to the growing discourse around Indian cinema during this period.
Golden Era of Bollywood (1950s-1960s): The post-independence period in India witnessed the rapid growth of the Indian film industry, particularly Bollywood. This era saw the rise of iconic stars, directors, and films that captured the imagination of audiences across the country. Film journalism flourished during this time, with magazines like “Filmfare” and “Screen” becoming household names. These publications provided comprehensive coverage of Bollywood, including reviews, interviews, and behind-the-scenes stories.
Television and Radio (1970s-1980s): The advent of television and radio in India brought about new avenues for film journalism. Television programs dedicated to cinema, such as “Chitrahaar” and “Rangoli,” became immensely popular, reaching millions of viewers across the country. Radio channels also featured programs focused on film music, interviews with actors and directors, and discussions about the latest releases. These platforms further democratized access to film journalism, making it more accessible to a wider audience.
Digital Revolution (1990s-Present): The digital revolution of the late 20th century and the early 21st century transformed the landscape of film journalism in India. The internet provided new platforms for film enthusiasts to share their thoughts, opinions, and reviews online. Film websites, blogs, and social media platforms emerged as popular destinations for cinephiles to discuss and debate the latest films and trends. Additionally, streaming services like Netflix and Amazon Prime have opened up new avenues for film criticism and analysis, further diversifying the ecosystem of Indian film journalism.
Challenges and Opportunities: Despite its growth and evolution, Indian film journalism faces several challenges, including ethical concerns, commercial pressures, and the need for greater diversity and inclusivity. Critics and journalists must navigate the complexities of the industry while upholding journalistic integrity and independence. However, the proliferation of digital platforms and the increasing demand for quality content present exciting opportunities for the future of Indian film journalism.
Role of Baburao Patel in development of Indian film journalism
Founding “Filmindia”: Perhaps Patel’s most significant contribution to Indian film journalism was the founding of “Filmindia” magazine in 1935. This publication quickly became a leading voice in the industry, providing a platform for comprehensive coverage of Indian cinema. Through “Filmindia,” Patel offered reviews, analysis, gossip, and commentary on the latest developments in the film industry, shaping the discourse around Indian cinema during its nascent stages.
Shaping Public Opinion: Patel’s outspoken and often controversial writing style earned him both admirers and critics. His fearless critiques of films, actors, and filmmakers helped shape public opinion and influence the trajectory of the Indian film industry. Patel’s reviews were widely read and respected, and his opinions carried significant weight among audiences and industry professionals alike.
Promoting Indian Cinema: Patel was a staunch advocate for Indian cinema and worked tirelessly to promote the interests of the industry. Through his writings in “Filmindia,” he championed Indian films and filmmakers, both domestically and internationally. Patel’s efforts helped raise the profile of Indian cinema on the global stage and contributed to its growing recognition as a legitimate form of artistic expression.
Fostering Debate and Discussion: Patel’s contributions to Indian film journalism extended beyond mere reviews and gossip. He used “Filmindia” as a platform for fostering debate and discussion about various issues facing the film industry, including censorship, artistic freedom, and the impact of social and cultural trends on cinema. Patel’s willingness to tackle controversial topics and engage in meaningful dialogue helped enrich the discourse around Indian cinema and elevate the standards of film journalism in the country.
Controversies around early Indian film criticism
Bias and Favoritism: Critics were often accused of bias and favoritism towards certain actors, directors, or production houses. This could manifest in excessively positive reviews for films associated with influential figures in the industry, or conversely, harsh criticism towards those perceived as outsiders or competitors.
Clashes with Filmmakers: Critics sometimes found themselves embroiled in conflicts with filmmakers over negative reviews or critical commentary. Filmmakers may have felt that their work was unfairly judged or that critics failed to appreciate their artistic vision, leading to public disputes and personal attacks.
Ethical Concerns: The ethical integrity of some critics was called into question, particularly in cases where they were suspected of accepting bribes or favors from filmmakers in exchange for positive reviews. This raised concerns about the independence and credibility of film criticism in India and prompted calls for greater transparency and accountability.
Censorship and Government Interference: The Indian film industry has long been subject to censorship and government regulation, and film criticism was not exempt from these pressures. Critics sometimes faced censorship or government interference in their work, especially if their reviews were deemed to be politically sensitive or socially controversial.
Impact on Box Office Performance: Critics wielded considerable influence over the box office performance of films, leading to accusations that their reviews could make or break a film’s commercial success. Filmmakers and producers may have felt frustrated or aggrieved by negative reviews that they believed unfairly harmed their film’s prospects at the box office.
Lack of Diversity in Perspectives: Early Indian film criticism was dominated by a relatively small number of voices, often from privileged backgrounds or specific regions. This lack of diversity in perspectives meant that certain films or genres may have been overlooked or marginalized, leading to criticisms of elitism or cultural bias within the field of film criticism.
Notable publications or magazines that focused on Indian film criticism
Filmindia: Founded by Baburao Patel in 1935, “Filmindia” was one of the earliest and most influential film magazines in India. It featured reviews, analysis, and gossip about the Indian film industry, shaping the discourse around Indian cinema during its formative years.
Cinema and Cinema: Launched in 1944, “Cinema and Cinema” was another prominent film magazine that contributed to the development of film criticism in India. It provided comprehensive coverage of Indian and international cinema, featuring interviews, reviews, and industry news.
Picturegoer: This magazine, which began publication in the 1940s, focused on both Indian and Western cinema. It offered reviews, features, and profiles of actors and filmmakers, catering to a wide audience interested in the world of cinema.
Filmfare: Although primarily known for its annual Filmfare Awards, the magazine “Filmfare” has also been an important platform for film criticism and journalism in India since its inception in 1952. It features reviews, interviews, and industry news, making it a popular choice among film enthusiasts.
Screen: Established in 1951, “Screen” is another prominent film magazine in India that has contributed to film criticism and journalism. It covers a wide range of topics related to Indian cinema, including reviews, interviews, and box office reports, catering to both industry professionals and fans.
Impact of digital media on Indian film journalism
Increased Accessibility: Digital media has made film journalism more accessible to a wider audience. With the proliferation of smartphones and internet connectivity, people can now access film news, reviews, and analysis from anywhere, at any time.
Real-Time Updates: Digital platforms provide instant access to breaking news, box office updates, and film-related events. Social media platforms like Twitter and Instagram allow journalists to share news and updates in real-time, keeping audiences informed and engaged.
Global Reach: Digital media has expanded the reach of Indian film journalism beyond national borders. Websites, blogs, and social media channels attract readers from around the world, facilitating cross-cultural exchange and dialogue.
Interactive Engagement: Digital platforms enable greater interaction and engagement between journalists and audiences. Readers can comment on articles, share their opinions, and participate in online discussions, fostering a sense of community and camaraderie.
Multimedia Content: Digital media allows for the integration of multimedia content such as videos, podcasts, and interactive graphics. Journalists can enhance their storytelling with visual elements, interviews, and behind-the-scenes footage, offering audiences a richer and more immersive experience.
Citizen Journalism: Digital media has democratized the field of film journalism, allowing amateur writers and enthusiasts to contribute their own content and perspectives. Blogs, vlogs, and social media accounts provide platforms for citizen journalists to share their views, reviews, and analyses.
Monetization Challenges: While digital media offers new opportunities for distribution and reach, it also presents challenges in terms of monetization. With the proliferation of free online content and ad-blockers, traditional revenue models based on advertising and subscriptions have come under pressure.
Instant Feedback: Digital media provides journalists with instant feedback on their work through metrics such as likes, shares, and comments. This immediate feedback loop allows journalists to gauge audience response and tailor their content accordingly.
Transparency and Accountability: Digital media has increased transparency and accountability in film journalism. Journalists are held to higher standards of accuracy and integrity, as misinformation and fake news can spread rapidly online.
Data Analytics: Digital media allows journalists to leverage data analytics tools to gain insights into audience preferences and behavior. By analyzing metrics such as page views, engagement rates, and demographics, journalists can tailor their content to better meet the needs and interests of their audience.
Recent popular Indian film critics
Anupama Chopra: Anupama Chopra is a prominent film critic, author, and journalist known for her nuanced reviews and in-depth interviews with filmmakers and actors. She has written for various publications and hosts the popular YouTube channel “Film Companion,” where she provides reviews, interviews, and analysis of Indian and international cinema.
Raja Sen: Raja Sen is a well-known film critic and columnist whose reviews are widely read and respected. He has contributed to publications such as Rediff.com, Hindustan Times, and Mint Lounge, offering sharp and witty commentary on the latest films and trends in Indian cinema.
Baradwaj Rangan: Baradwaj Rangan is a film critic, writer, and author known for his thoughtful and analytical reviews. He writes for The Hindu and hosts the popular YouTube channel “Film Companion South,” where he focuses on South Indian cinema. Rangan’s reviews are known for their depth and insight into the craft of filmmaking.
Sucharita Tyagi: Sucharita Tyagi is a film critic and presenter known for her candid and relatable reviews. She gained popularity through her YouTube channel “Film Companion,” where she hosts the series “Not A Movie Review,” offering humorous and insightful takes on Bollywood films.
Komal Nahta: Komal Nahta is a film trade analyst, critic, and journalist known for his insights into the business side of the Indian film industry. He hosts the television show “ETC Bollywood Business” and writes for various publications, providing analysis and commentary on box office trends and film economics.
Mayank Shekhar: Mayank Shekhar is a film critic, journalist, and author known for his lively and engaging writing style. He has written for publications such as Mid-Day and Hindustan Times and hosts the show “The Critics” on CNN-News18, where he discusses the latest films and trends in Indian cinema.
Rajeev Masand: Rajeev Masand is a renowned Indian film critic and journalist known for his insightful reviews and interviews with Bollywood celebrities. He has been associated with various media outlets, including CNN-News18 and Open Magazine. Masand’s articulate analysis and engaging presentation style have earned him a loyal following among cinephiles, establishing him as a prominent figure in Indian film journalism.
Key figures in early Indian film journalism
Baburao Patel: Widely regarded as one of the pioneers of Indian film journalism, Baburao Patel founded the iconic magazine “Filmindia” in 1935. Known for his outspoken and often controversial writing style, Patel played a significant role in shaping the discourse around Indian cinema during its formative years.
Chidananda Das Gupta: A distinguished film theorist and critic, Chidananda Das Gupta made significant contributions to Indian film journalism through his insightful analyses and writings. His works helped elevate the discourse around cinema as an art form and influenced generations of filmmakers and critics.
D. P. Mishra: D. P. Mishra was a prominent film critic and journalist who contributed extensively to the field of Indian film journalism. His reviews and commentary provided valuable insights into the world of cinema and helped shape public opinion about films and filmmakers.
B. K. Karanjia: As the editor of “Filmfare” magazine for several decades, B. K. Karanjia played a crucial role in popularizing film journalism in India. Under his leadership, “Filmfare” became one of the most widely read and influential film magazines in the country, providing comprehensive coverage of Bollywood and its stars.
B. V. Keskar: B. V. Keskar was a journalist and politician who made significant contributions to Indian film journalism during his tenure as the Information and Broadcasting Minister of India. He played a key role in shaping government policies related to cinema and media and had a lasting impact on the Indian film industry.
Homi Wadia: Homi Wadia was a filmmaker, producer, and journalist who founded the magazine “The Bombay Chronicle” in 1920. While primarily a newspaper focused on news and current affairs, “The Bombay Chronicle” also featured coverage of cinema, making it one of the earliest platforms for film journalism in India.
Contribution of radio in early film journalism
Film-related Programs: Radio stations in India dedicated specific time slots or programs to cover various aspects of cinema. These programs often featured discussions about upcoming film releases, reviews of recent films, interviews with actors, directors, and other industry professionals, and analyses of trends in Indian cinema. By broadcasting such programs, radio stations helped keep audiences informed and engaged with the world of cinema.
Film Music: Indian film music has always been an integral part of the cinematic experience, and radio played a crucial role in popularizing film songs. Radio stations regularly featured programs that showcased popular film songs, allowing listeners to enjoy their favorite tunes from the latest releases. These programs helped promote films and contributed to the success of their soundtracks.
Film Reviews and Criticism: Some radio programs focused specifically on film reviews and criticism, providing audiences with insights into the quality and content of the latest releases. Radio critics would offer their opinions on various aspects of films, including performances, direction, storyline, and technical aspects. These reviews helped audiences make informed decisions about which films to watch and contributed to the shaping of public opinion.
Promotional Activities: Radio stations often collaborated with film studios and distributors to promote upcoming releases. They would broadcast interviews with actors and directors, play snippets of film songs, and host contests and giveaways related to new films. These promotional activities helped generate excitement and anticipation among audiences and contributed to the success of films at the box office.
Accessibility: One of the key advantages of radio as a medium for film journalism was its accessibility. Unlike print publications, which required literacy and access to newspapers or magazines, radio programs could be enjoyed by a wide range of listeners, including those in rural areas or with limited education. This accessibility helped democratize film journalism and made information about cinema more widely available.
Academic References on Indian film journalism and its early criticism
- Bhattacharya, A., & Sen, P. (Eds.). (2019). Bollywood and its Other(s): Towards New Configurations. Bloomsbury Publishing.
- Dwyer, R. (2002). Filming the Gods: Religion and Indian Cinema. Routledge.
- Ganti, T. (2004). Bollywood: A Guidebook to Popular Hindi Cinema. Routledge.
- Gokulsing, K. M., & Dissanayake, W. (Eds.). (2004). Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change. Trentham Books.
- Gopal, S., & Moorti, S. (Eds.). (2008). Global Bollywood: Travels of Hindi Song and Dance. University of Minnesota Press.
- Jha, L. (2007). The Essential Guide to Bollywood. Roli Books.
- Joshi, P. (2002). Bollywood: Popular Indian Cinema. Dakini Books.
- Khanna, P. (2010). Indian Cinema in the Time of Celluloid: From Bollywood to the Emergency. Indiana University Press.
- Kripalani, M. (2006). Eena Meena Deeka: The Story of Hindi Film Comedy. Rupa & Co.
- Mazumdar, R. (2007). Bombay Cinema: An Archive of the City. University of Minnesota Press.
- Mehta, S. (2019). Bollywood Boom: India’s Rising Soft Power. Edinburgh University Press.
- Pandey, R. K. (2017). Bollywood and Indian Diaspora: Transnationalism and Ethnographic Fieldwork. Routledge.
- Rajadhyaksha, A., & Willemen, P. (Eds.). (2002). Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema. Routledge.
- Virdi, J. (2003). The Cinematic ImagiNation: Indian Popular Films as Social History. Rutgers University Press.
As it is curious.. 🙂
I hope Indian film Journalism is better than here.
I found it informative, the old magazine cover on this page looks good.