John Milton: Creator of Paradise Lost
| Date of Birth : 9th December 1608 |
| Died : 8th November 1674 |
| Place of Birth : London, England |
| Father : John Milton Sr. |
| Mother : Sarah Jeffrey Milton |
| Spouse/Partner : Mary Powell, Katherine Woodcock, and Elizabeth Minshull |
| Children : Anne, Mary, Deborah, John Jr. |
| Alma Mater : Christ's College, Cambridge |
| Professions : Poet, Prose Writer, and Polemicist |
Overview
John Milton, one of the most influential English poets and writers, is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost. His literary works, essays, and political writings have shaped English literature and continue to inspire scholars worldwide. This article by Academic Block explores John Milton’s life, major works, and his impact on literature and society.
Early Life and Education of Author John Milton
John Milton was born on December 9, 1608, in London, England. His father, John Milton Sr., was a composer and a scrivener, while his mother, Sarah Jeffrey, was known for her piety. From an early age, Milton showed a keen interest in literature and languages.
He attended St. Paul’s School in London, where he mastered Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. Later, he enrolled at Christ’s College, Cambridge, where he earned a Bachelor of Arts in 1629 and a Master of Arts in 1632. His academic years played a significant role in shaping his literary skills and philosophical beliefs.
John Milton’s Early Works: Comus and Lycidas
During his early years, John Milton wrote several notable poems, including:
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"On the Morning of Christ’s Nativity" (1629) : A poem celebrating the birth of Jesus Christ.
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"L’Allegro" and "Il Penseroso" (1631) : Two contrasting poems depicting happiness and melancholy.
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"Lycidas" (1637) : A pastoral elegy mourning the death of his friend Edward King.
These early works demonstrated Milton’s poetic genius and mastery of classical literature.
John Milton’s Travel to Europe
In 1638, Milton embarked on a grand tour of Europe, visiting France and Italy. During his journey, he met renowned scholars such as Galileo Galilei, whose ideas influenced his later works. However, due to rising political tensions in England, Milton cut short his travels and returned in 1639.
Areopagitica: John Milton’s Fight for Freedom of Speech and Press
(i) Milton’s Political Writings and Opposition to Episcopacy
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Upon returning to England, John Milton engaged in writing prose tracts against the Church of England’s episcopacy.
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He supported the Puritan and Parliamentary cause through works like :
- Of Reformation touching Church Discipline in England (1641)
- Of Prelatical Episcopacy
- The Reason of Church-Government Urged against Prelaty
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Milton criticized William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury, using church history to argue his points.
(ii) Role as an Educator and Educational Reforms
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Supported by his father’s investments, but worked as a private schoolmaster for well-off families.
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His discussions with Samuel Hartlib led to Of Education (1644), advocating university reforms.
(iii) Marriage with Mary Powell and Views on Divorce
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Married Mary Powell in 1642, but their relationship was strained due to :
- Intellectual incompatibility
- Political differences
- Possible non-consummation
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Mary left him but returned in 1645 after the English Civil War began.
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Milton’s writings on divorce rights faced opposition, leading him to write Areopagitica (1644), championing freedom of speech.
John Milton’s Political Writings and Blindness
(i) Milton’s Defense of Republican Principles
- After the Parliamentary victory in the Civil War, John Milton defended republican ideals in The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates (1649), justifying regicide and the people’s right to hold rulers accountable.
- His support for the Commonwealth of England earned him the role of Secretary for Foreign Tongues in March 1649.
(ii) Eikonoklastes and the Defense of the English Republic
- In October 1649, Milton published Eikonoklastes, refuting Eikon Basilike, which portrayed King Charles I as a martyr.
- He later responded to the Royalist tract Defensio Regia (1649) by writing Defensio pro Populo Anglicano (1652), gaining a European reputation.
(iii) Milton’s Later Political Works and Praise for Cromwell
- In 1654, he wrote Defensio Secunda, defending the English Republic and Oliver Cromwell.
- He followed it with Defensio pro se (1655), responding to personal attacks.
(iv) Milton’s Blindness and Literary Legacy
- By 1652, Milton had become totally blind, possibly due to glaucoma.
- He dictated his works to amanuenses, including Andrew Marvell, and wrote the famous sonnet "When I Consider How My Light is Spent."
Works of John Milton
John Milton’s literary legacy spans poetry, prose, political essays, and theological treatises. His works explore themes of freedom, virtue, politics, and religion, making him one of the most influential writers in English literature. Below is a table summarizing his most notable works:
Milton’s writings continue to influence literature, politics, and religious discourse, remaining timeless in their exploration of freedom, morality, and human nature.
John Milton’s Paradise Lost: His Magnum Opus
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Epic Masterpiece : Paradise Lost (1667) is John Milton’s greatest work, an epic poem that explores the fall of man, free will, and divine justice.
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Biblical Inspiration : The poem is based on the Genesis story of Adam and Eve, depicting their temptation by Satan and their eventual expulsion from Eden.
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Satan as a Complex Character : Milton presents Satan as a tragic anti-hero, making him one of the most compelling figures in English literature.
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Themes of Free Will & Disobedience : The poem explores human free will, the consequences of disobedience, and the contrast between divine justice and rebellion.
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Grand Style & Blank Verse : Written in unrhymed iambic pentameter (blank verse), Paradise Lost is known for its grand, elevated style and elaborate imagery.
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Influence on Literature : The work has inspired numerous writers, poets, and philosophers, shaping discussions on theology, politics, and morality.
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A Timeless Classic : Paradise Lost remains a cornerstone of English literature, studied for its profound philosophical insights and poetic brilliance.
Views of John Milton
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Divorce and Marriage Reform : John Milton argued for the right to divorce in cases of incompatibility, advocating in The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce (1643) for greater personal freedom in marriage.
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Historical Perspective : Milton’s writings reflect his deep knowledge of history, using classical and biblical references to support his views on government, religion, and human nature.
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Philosophy and Individual Liberty : He championed free will and personal responsibility, aligning with Renaissance humanism and advocating for intellectual and moral independence.
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Political Thought and Republicanism : Milton supported republican government, defending regicide and the right to overthrow tyranny in The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates (1649).
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Religious Toleration : A critic of religious oppression, Milton argued for freedom of worship, opposing enforced doctrines by the state or church.
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Theology and Divine Justice : His theological views, reflected in Paradise Lost, emphasized God’s justice, human free will, and redemption, shaping religious debates for centuries.
Later Years and Death of John Milton
In his later years, John Milton faced political downfall after the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660. He lived in seclusion, focusing on literary works despite his blindness. Milton published Paradise Lost (1667), Paradise Regained (1671), and Samson Agonistes (1671). He died on November 8, 1674, in London, likely due to kidney failure. His legacy in English literature remains profound, influencing poets, philosophers, and political thinkers worldwide.
John Milton’s Influence on Literature and Society
Milton’s works had a profound impact on English poetry, politics, and philosophy. His advocacy for civil liberties, religious freedom, and individual rights influenced later thinkers, including John Locke and the Founding Fathers of the United States.
His poetic style, use of blank verse, and grand themes inspired later poets like William Blake, John Keats, and T. S. Eliot.
Final words
John Milton remains a towering figure in English literature. His works, particularly Paradise Lost, continue to be studied for their literary excellence, philosophical depth, and political significance. His contributions to poetry, politics, and religion ensure that his legacy endures.
By understanding John Milton’s life and works, we gain insight into one of the greatest minds of the 17th century and his lasting influence on world literature. What are your thoughts about John Milton? Do let us know in the comments section about your view. It will help us in improving our upcoming articles. Thanks for reading!
This Article will answer your questions like:
John Milton is recognized as a transitional figure between the Renaissance and the early Enlightenment, embodying classical influences, humanist ideals, and linguistic mastery. His works reflect the grandeur of Renaissance poetry while also pioneering innovative literary techniques. Milton’s profound use of language and philosophical insight marks him as one of the greatest poets, merging Renaissance humanism with emerging modern thought in a manner that continues to influence English literature globally.
John Milton is best known for his epic masterpiece Paradise Lost, a work that redefined English literature through its exploration of free will, disobedience, and redemption. His innovative use of blank verse and vivid imagery set new poetic standards. Milton’s work truly transcends traditional religious themes, blending classical influences with personal philosophical insights. His writings continue to inspire debates in literature, politics, and theology, cementing his reputation as one of history’s most influential poets.
Some of John Milton’s most celebrated works include Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, and Samson Agonistes. Additionally, his influential prose texts such as Areopagitica and The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates have received widespread acclaim. These works showcase Milton’s exceptional literary prowess, blending rich theological discourse with incisive political commentary. His writings remain central to studies in English literature, offering profound insights into human nature, morality, and the complex interplay between power and freedom.
Paradise Regained is a poetic retelling of the biblical narrative focusing on the temptation of Christ in the wilderness. Unlike Paradise Lost, which details the fall of man, this poem centers on the redemptive journey of Jesus as he overcomes temptation and reclaims divine purpose. Milton intricately weaves theological insights with classical allusions, offering a narrative of spiritual triumph, moral fortitude, and the harmonious interplay between human vulnerability and divine grace, thereby uplifting the soul.
Areopagitica presents four central arguments defending freedom of the press and the right to unlicensed printing. Milton argues against prior censorship by emphasizing the importance of open intellectual debate, the necessity of individual moral judgment, and the benefits of unrestricted access to diverse ideas. His treatise asserts that rigorous examination and dialogue reveal genuine truth. Through logical reasoning and historical evidence, Milton advocates for a society that values free expression, critical inquiry, and the unimpeded dissemination of knowledge.
John Milton is renowned for two iconic epic poems: Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained. Paradise Lost dives into the dramatic fall of man, featuring the complex character of Satan, while Paradise Regained recounts the redemptive journey of Christ against the forces of temptation. Both works showcase Milton’s mastery of blank verse, deep theological insight, and intricate narrative style. Their enduring influence on English literature highlights his unparalleled ability to blend classical form with profound spiritual and philosophical exploration with brilliance.
Paradise Regained conveys a powerful message of spiritual redemption and moral fortitude. Milton’s poem emphasizes the triumph of divine will over human frailty, showcasing the journey of Christ as he overcomes temptation. The narrative underlines the belief that true salvation emerges through steadfast faith, self-discipline, and the pursuit of virtue. It challenges readers to reflect on the transformative power of resilience and divine guidance, thereby inspiring a renewed commitment to ethical living and spiritual enlightenment profoundly.
John Milton’s Paradise Lost remains controversial due to its complex portrayal of theological and political themes. Critics debate the depiction of Satan as both a rebel and tragic figure, challenging conventional notions of good and evil. Milton’s exploration of free will, divine justice, and human fallibility has sparked scholarly debate. The poem’s narrative style and reinterpretation of biblical events continue to provoke discussions on religious tolerance and political thought, undoubtedly solidifying its status as a significant work in English literature.
Book 1 of Paradise Regained introduces Jesus Christ fasting in the wilderness for 40 days, where Satan tempts him. The poem highlights Christ’s divine wisdom as he refutes Satan’s deceitful offers of power and knowledge. John Milton portrays Jesus as a figure of patience and faith, contrasting him with the fall of Adam. This theological epic, published in 1671, emphasizes inner spiritual strength over worldly ambition, a core theme in Milton’s Christian philosophy.
Yes, John Milton was completely blind when he composed Paradise Lost in the 1660s. He lost his sight by 1652 due to glaucoma or retinal detachment. Milton dictated the entire epic poem to his aides, including his daughters and amanuenses. His blindness profoundly influenced the themes of divine inspiration and human perseverance in Paradise Lost, where the invocation to the Muse calls upon inner vision, reflecting his reliance on intellect and faith rather than physical sight.
Areopagitica (1644) is John Milton’s powerful defense of free speech and against pre-publication censorship. He argues that restricting books suppresses knowledge and intellectual growth. He cites historical and biblical examples to support the idea that truth emerges through debate. Milton’s pamphlet, addressed to the English Parliament, remains a foundational text for press freedom, emphasizing that a well-informed society should have access to diverse ideas without government intervention, aligning with Enlightenment principles of individual liberty.
The central theme of Areopagitica is the defense of free speech and opposition to preemptive censorship. John Milton asserts that truth and knowledge thrive in open debate, and suppressing books limits intellectual progress. He compares censorship to tyranny and argues that moral virtue comes from choice, not force. The work strongly influenced later democratic ideals, advocating that unrestricted access to literature and information is essential for personal and societal enlightenment, forming the basis for modern freedom of expression.
Paradise Lost Book 1 consists of 798 lines of blank verse. This opening book sets the stage for Milton’s grand epic, depicting Satan and the fallen angels in Hell after their rebellion against God. The famous invocation to the Muse appears in this book, where Milton seeks divine guidance to “justify the ways of God to men.” The rich poetic structure, complex syntax, and powerful imagery make Book 1 a masterpiece of English literature and theological inquiry.
Paradise Lost was written by John Milton, an English poet and intellectual of the 17th century. Published in 1667, the epic poem is considered one of the greatest works in English literature. Milton, a devout Protestant and political thinker, crafted this masterpiece to explore themes of divine justice, free will, and redemption. His poetic brilliance, combined with his deep philosophical insights, makes Paradise Lost a defining literary work of the Renaissance and Baroque periods.
John Milton suffered from blindness, which he developed by 1652, possibly due to glaucoma. Despite this, he continued to write, dictating his later works, including Paradise Lost. His disability deeply influenced his poetry, as he often referenced inner vision and divine inspiration. His resilience and ability to produce monumental literary works while blind have made him an enduring symbol of intellectual perseverance and artistic brilliance in English literature.
Famous quotes by John Milton
“Give me the liberty to know, to utter, and to argue freely according to conscience, above all liberties.”
“The mind is its own place, and in itself can make a heaven of hell, a hell of heaven.”
“The end of all learning is to know God, and out of that knowledge to love and imitate Him.”
“He who reigns within himself and rules his passions, desires, and fears is more than a king.”
“They also serve who only stand and wait.”
“A good book is the precious lifeblood of a master spirit.”
“The end then of learning is to repair the ruins of our first parents by regaining to know God aright, and out of that knowledge to love Him, to imitate Him, to be like Him.”
“The mind is its own place and in itself, can make a Heaven of Hell, a Hell of Heaven.”
“For man will hearken to his glozing lies, Suspects not God; for though his dreadful power be praised and feared, yet God’s benignity may have such favour as to be propitious.”
“What in me is dark illumine, what is low raise and support.”
“Virtue could see to do what virtue would by her own radiant light, though sun and moon where in the flat sea sunk.”
“The mind is its own place, and in itself, can make a Heaven of Hell, a Hell of Heaven.”
“Truth never comes into the world but like a bastard, to the ignominy of him that brought her birth.”
“The star that bids the shepherd fold Now the top of heaven doth hold; And the gilded car of day His glowing axle doth allay In the steep Atlantic stream.”
Controversies related to John Milton
Divorce Tracts: One of the early controversies in Milton’s life arose from his writings on divorce. In works such as “The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce” (1643) and “Tetrachordon” (1645), Milton advocated for the legalization of divorce in cases of incompatibility or other grievances. These views were considered radical and sparked debates on the institution of marriage in 17th-century England.
Political Controversies: Milton was an active participant in the political and religious debates of his time, particularly during the English Civil War and the establishment of the Commonwealth. His defense of the regicide (execution of King Charles I) in “The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates” (1649) and his subsequent service as Latin Secretary for the Commonwealth led to controversy and, after the Restoration, to his arrest and temporary imprisonment.
Anti-Monarchical Views: Milton’s republican views and staunch opposition to monarchy were controversial, especially in the context of the political changes occurring in England. His writings, such as “Eikonoklastes” (1649), which attacked the posthumously published royalist work “Eikon Basilike,” contributed to the heated political climate of the time.
Defense of Free Speech in “Areopagitica” (1644): In “Areopagitica,” Milton defended freedom of the press and opposed censorship. This work was controversial because it challenged established notions of control over the publication of books, advocating for the open exchange of ideas. It remains a seminal text on free speech.
Religious Controversies: Milton’s theological positions, as reflected in his epic poem “Paradise Lost,” raised some controversies. His portrayal of Satan as a complex and somewhat sympathetic character challenged traditional theological interpretations.
Milton’s Blindness and Political Fallout: As Milton gradually lost his eyesight in the early 1650s, it became a personal and professional challenge. His political fortunes also suffered after the Restoration, as he was arrested and imprisoned briefly. The loss of his political influence and the hardships he faced during this period contributed to the controversies surrounding his life.
John Milton’s family life
John Milton Sr.: John Milton’s father, also named John Milton, was a scrivener by profession. He provided his son with a solid education, laying the foundation for Milton’s intellectual pursuits.
Mother: Sara Jeffrey Milton Sara Jeffrey Milton was John Milton’s mother. Her background and details about her life are less known compared to her son’s achievements.
Mary Powell Milton (m. 1642): Milton’s first wife, Mary Powell, whom he married in 1642, hailed from a Royalist family. The marriage faced challenges, and Mary left Milton. They were later reconciled, and Mary died in 1652.
Katherine Woodcock Milton (m. 1656): After Mary’s death, Milton married Katherine Woodcock in 1656. Sadly, Katherine passed away shortly after giving birth to a daughter who also died.
Elizabeth Minshull Milton (m. 1663): Milton’s third and final wife was Elizabeth Minshull, whom he married in 1663. Elizabeth outlived Milton and managed his estate after his death.
Anne Milton: Anne was John Milton’s daughter from his first marriage to Mary Powell. She survived into adulthood and married Thomas Agar.
Mary Milton: Mary, the daughter of John Milton and Mary Powell, died in infancy.
John Milton (the Younger): John Milton’s second daughter with Mary Powell, also named John, survived to adulthood. He became a notable historian and writer, publishing a biography of his father.
Facts on John Milton
Birth and Early Life: John Milton was born on December 9, 1608, in London, England, to John Milton Sr. and Sara Jeffrey.
Educational Background: Milton attended St. Paul’s School in London, where he excelled in his studies, displaying a particular aptitude for languages, including Latin and Greek.
Cambridge Education: He matriculated at Christ’s College, Cambridge, in 1625, and pursued a rigorous course of study in literature, philosophy, and languages.
Poetic Beginnings: Milton started writing poetry at a young age, and some of his early works, including Latin poems, showcased his literary talent.
European Travel: After completing his studies at Cambridge, Milton undertook a tour of continental Europe (1638–1639), visiting France and Italy. During this time, he met prominent intellectuals and absorbed diverse cultural influences.
Blindness: Milton’s eyesight began to deteriorate in the early 1650s, leading to total blindness. Despite his loss of vision, he continued to compose works with the assistance of scribes.
Political Engagement: Milton became increasingly involved in political and religious debates of his time. He was a staunch supporter of republican ideals and wrote numerous political tracts defending the Commonwealth.
Official Position: In 1649, during the Commonwealth period, Milton was appointed as Secretary for Foreign Tongues, responsible for composing diplomatic correspondence in Latin.
Marriage and Family: Milton married Mary Powell in 1642, but the marriage ended in separation. He later married Katherine Woodcock, who died shortly after giving birth. His third wife, Elizabeth Minshull, survived him.
Major Political Works: Some of Milton’s significant political works include “Areopagitica” (1644), a defense of freedom of the press, and “The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates” (1649), advocating the right of the people to depose a tyrannical monarch.
Epic Poetry: “Paradise Lost” (1667) is Milton’s most celebrated epic poem, narrating the biblical story of the fall of man. It is considered one of the greatest works of English literature.
Other Major Works: Milton’s other major works include “Paradise Regained” (1671), a sequel to “Paradise Lost,” and “Samson Agonistes” (1671), a tragic drama based on the biblical character Samson.
Death: John Milton died on November 8, 1674, in London, at the age of 65. He was buried in St. Giles Cripplegate Church in London.
Academic References on John Milton
Books:
- “John Milton: A Biography” by Neil Forsyth
- “Milton: Poet, Pamphleteer, and Patriot” by Anna Beer
- “The Life of John Milton” by Barbara K. Lewalski
- “Milton’s Vision: The Birth of Christian Liberty” by Michael Lieb
- “John Milton: Life, Work, and Thought” by Gordon Campbell
- “John Milton: The Self and the World” by John T. Shawcross
- “Milton and the Making of Paradise Lost” by William Poole
- “Milton’s Epic Voice: The Narrator in ‘Paradise Lost'” by John Rumrich
- “The Cambridge Companion to Milton” edited by Dennis Danielson
Articles:
- “John Milton and the English Revolution” by Christopher Hill
- “Milton’s Satan and the Grand Style” by Stanley Fish
- “Milton’s Areopagitica and the Modern First Amendment” by Steven M. Dworetz
- “John Milton’s Last Thoughts on Earthly Pleasures” by William B. Hunter
- “The Rhetoric of Controversy: John Milton’s ‘Areopagitica'” by Thomas H. Luxon